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Introduction of the Shaanxi Opera in English¡Ê±Ñ¸ì¤Ë¤è¤ë¿Á¹Ð¤Î¾Ò²ð¡Ë |
¡¡The Shaanxi Opera is a traditional type of theater
not widely known except to devoted fans or researchers specializing in Chinese
traditional theater. But the
Shaanxi Opera (qinqiang) is a very
popular regional theater in the northwestern part of China and it is especially
influential in Shaanxi and Gansu provinces.
In Shaanxi province, the Shaanxi Opera is one of the ten popular legends of the
region (shidaguai) because its
painted face role category called hualian
is known to sing with a roaring voice that is said to be audible for miles around
(Zhang et al. 2000: 5). The Shaanxi Opera has a long history and it is said to have existed from at
least the middle of the Ming Dynasty (or the end of the sixteenth century). Although
the exact origin of the Shaanxi Opera is still wrapped in mystery, some
researchers suggest that the Shaanxi Opera is much older than the famous Beijing
Opera, which come into being only at the end of the eighteenth century
during the reign of Emperor Qian Long of the Qing Dynasty. Moreover, there is some
evidence to suggest that the Shaanxi Opera influenced the formation of the
Beijing Opera (Jiao and Yan 2005). Thus, the Shaanxi Opera is a regional
theater that has been influential enough to leave illustrious marks on the history
of Chinese traditional theater as a whole. Because the Shaanxi Opera is a very complicated theater, it is not possible to sum up its basic characteristics in a few words. However, it certainly has some unique characteristics that differentiate it from the Beijing Opera. For example, actors/actresses of the Shaanxi Opera use the Shaanxi dialect (especially the dialect of the Guanzhong region in Shaanxi) in their songs and speeches. In addition, the Shaanxi Opera¡Çs sometimes passionate and vigorous music is also quite different from the Beijing Opera¡Çs more elegant and milder music. Interestingly, some fans of the Shaanxi Opera claim that its music reflects ¡Èthe vigorous and audacious nature of the Shaanxi people¡É because it is the music created by the people who have witnessed so many dynastic changes and therefore played an active part in the history of ancient China as the citizens of the old capital city Chang¡Çan (present-day Xi¡Çan). Meanwhile, the singing voice of hualian (the painted-face role category) is also something that may reflect the so-called ¡Èthe vigorous and audacious nature of the Shaanxi people¡É. As I have mentioned earlier, hualian¡Çs singing voice is fairly energetic and it is quite unlike its counterpart¡Çs in the Beijing Opera, which is much more elegant. Thus, the Shaanxi Opera has many unique characteristics of its own that reflect the culture of the Shaanxi region. But it also has some of the basic characteristics of the Chinese traditional theater, such as the traditional patterns of acting called sigongwufa and the traditional role categories for an actor/actress called hangdang. Sigongwufa is based on the four skills of chang (singing), nian (recitation), zuo (acting), and da (martial skills) and the five categories of techniques, which are shou (hand movement), yan (eye movement), shen (body movement), fa (coordination of hand, eye, body, and foot movement), and bu (ways of walking). Hangdang is comprised of four main role categories, sheng (male), dan (female), jing (painted face), and chou (comic), and their various subcategories. Just as in any other Chinese traditional theater (including the famous Beijing Opera), the performance of actors/actresses of the Shaanxi Opera is structured by the sigongwufa and the hangdang. What is particularly attractive about the Shaanxi Opera? Some people might find the Shaanxi Opera¡Çs long and mysterious history quite intriguing. Others might respond to the Opera¡Çs unique music which has a rough liveliness to it. But what most people find appealing is the performance of the actors/actresses because of its impressive creativity. The Shaanxi Opera is often called ¡Èthe performing art of actors/actresses¡É due to the central and creative role played by the actors/actresses. They must convey different times and places and create various figures (whether historical or literary) relying almost solely on their own bodies, using the sigongwufa and the hangdang, since there are very few props (usually just a table and a few chairs) used in many of the traditional programs. In other words, the performers cannot count on the stage set to help them express the characters, the historical setting or a specific place. The skill and creativity required is something that, once appreciated, most people find attractive. |